Dynapenia and sarcopenia: association with the diagnosis, duration and complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus in ELSA-Brasil.

Sarcopenia (the loss of muscle mass, strength and skeletal muscle function) increases mortality and the risk of hospitalization in the older population. Although it is known that older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a higher risk of dynapenia and sarcopenia, few studies have investigated these conditions in middle-aged populations. The objective of this study was to investigate whether T2DM, its duration, the presence of albuminuria, and glycemic control are associated with sarcopenia and its components in adults. The cross-sectional analysis was based on data from visit 2 of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (2012-2014). The 2018 European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People criteria were used to define dynapenia, low appendicular muscle mass (LAMM), and sarcopenia (absent/probable/confirmed). The explanatory variables were: T2DM; duration of T2DM; T2DM according to the presence of albuminuria; and glycemic control (HbA1C < 7%) among people with T2DM. A total of 12,132 participants (mean age = 55.5, SD: 8.9 years) were included. The odds ratio for LAMM was greater among those with T2DM, T2DM duration from 5 to 10 years, and T2DM without albuminuria. Chances of dynapenia were higher among those with T2DM, T2DM duration > 10 years, and T2DM with and without albuminuria. The variables T2DM, T2DM ≥ 10 years, and T2DM with albuminuria increased the odds of probable sarcopenia, and T2DM duration from 5 to 10 years increased the odds of confirmed sarcopenia. The results support the importance of frequently monitoring the musculoskeletal mass and strength of individuals with T2DM to prevent sarcopenia and related outcomes.

Dynapenia and sarcopenia: association with the diagnosis, duration and complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus in ELSA-Brasil / Dinapenia e sarcopenia: associação com o diagnóstico, duração e complicações de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 no ELSA-Brasil / Dinapenia y sarcopenia: asociación con el diagnóstico, duración y complicaciones de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en ELSA-Brasil

Abstract: Sarcopenia (the loss of muscle mass, strength and skeletal muscle function) increases mortality and the risk of hospitalization in the older population. Although it is known that older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a higher risk of dynapenia and sarcopenia, few studies have investigated these conditions in middle-aged populations. The objective of this study was to investigate whether T2DM, its duration, the presence of albuminuria, and glycemic control are associated with sarcopenia and its components in adults. The cross-sectional analysis was based on data from visit 2 of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (2012-2014). The 2018 European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People criteria were used to define dynapenia, low appendicular muscle mass (LAMM), and sarcopenia (absent/probable/confirmed). The explanatory variables were: T2DM; duration of T2DM; T2DM according to the presence of albuminuria; and glycemic control (HbA1C < 7%) among people with T2DM. A total of 12,132 participants (mean age = 55.5, SD: 8.9 years) were included. The odds ratio for LAMM was greater among those with T2DM, T2DM duration from 5 to 10 years, and T2DM without albuminuria. Chances of dynapenia were higher among those with T2DM, T2DM duration > 10 years, and T2DM with and without albuminuria. The variables T2DM, T2DM ≥ 10 years, and T2DM with albuminuria increased the odds of probable sarcopenia, and T2DM duration from 5 to 10 years increased the odds of confirmed sarcopenia. The results support the importance of frequently monitoring the musculoskeletal mass and strength of individuals with T2DM to prevent sarcopenia and related outcomes.

Resumo: A sarcopenia (perda de massa muscular, força e função muscular esquelética) aumenta a mortalidade e o risco de hospitalização em idosos. Idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) apresentam risco elevado de desenvolver dinapenia e sarcopenia, mas poucos estudos investigaram populações de meia-idade. O objetivo foi investigar se DMT2, sua duração, a presença de albuminúria e o controle glicêmico estão associados à sarcopenia e seus componentes em adultos. Análise transversal baseada nos dados da segunda visita do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (2012-2014). Os critérios do European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People [Grupo de Trabalho Europeu sobre Sarcopenia em Pessoas Idosas] de 2018 foram usados para definir dinapenia, baixa massa muscular apendicular e sarcopenia (ausente/provável/confirmada). As variáveis explicativas foram: DMT2; duração do DMT2; DMT2 de acordo com a presença de albuminúria; e controle glicêmico (HbA1c < 7%) entre pessoas com DMT2. Foram incluídos 12.132 participantes (idade média de 55,5; DP: 8,9 anos). A razão de chances para baixa massa muscular apendicular foi maior entre pessoas com DMT2, duração do DMT2 entre 5 e 10 anos e DMT2 sem albuminúria. As chances de dinapenia foram maiores entre pessoas com DMT2, duração do DMT2 > 10 anos e DMT2 com e sem albuminúria. DMT2, DMT2 ≥ 10 anos e DMT2 com albuminúria aumentaram as chances de sarcopenia provável e duração do DMT2 entre 5 e 10 anos aumentaram as chances de sarcopenia confirmada. Os resultados reforçam a importância do monitoramento frequente da massa e da força muscular em indivíduos com DMT2 para prevenir a sarcopenia e desfechos relacionados.

Resumen: La sarcopenia (pérdida de masa muscular, fuerza y función muscular esquelética) aumenta la mortalidad y el riesgo de hospitalización en ancianos. Los ancianos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) presentan un mayor riesgo de sufrir dinapenia y sarcopenia, pero pocos estudios han investigado poblaciones de mediana edad. El objetivo fue investigar si la DMT2, su duración, la presencia de albuminuria y el control glucémico están asociados con la sarcopenia y sus componentes en adultos. Análisis transversal basado en los datos de la visita 2 del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto en Brasil (2012-2014). Se utilizaron los criterios del European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People [Grupo de Trabajo Europeo sobre Sarcopenia en Personas Mayores] del 2018 para definir dinapenia, baja masa muscular apendicular y sarcopenia (ausente/probable/confirmada). Las variables explicativas fueron las siguientes: DMT2; duración de la DMT2; DMT2 según la presencia de albuminuria; y control glucémico (HbA1c < 7%) entre personas con DMT2. Se incluyeron 12.132 participantes (edad media = 55,5, DE: 8,9 años). La razón de probabilidades de masa muscular apendicular baja fue mayor entre personas con DMT2, duración de la DMT2 entre 5 y 10 años y DMT2 sin albuminuria. Las probabilidades de dinapenia fueron mayores entre las personas con DMT2, duración de la DMT2 > 10 años y DMT2 con y sin albuminuria. Las condiciones de DMT2, DMT2 ≥ 10 años y DMT2 con albuminuria aumentaron las probabilidades de sarcopenia probable y la duración de la DMT2 entre 5 y 10 años las probabilidades de sarcopenia confirmada. Los resultados refuerzan la importancia del monitoreo frecuente de la masa y de la fuerza musculoesquelética en individuos con DMT2 para prevenir la sarcopenia y los desenlaces relacionados.

Accelerometry Measured Movement Behaviors in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Cross-Sectional Analysis of the ELSA-Brasil Study.

BACKGROUND: Little investigation of accelerometry assessed movement behaviors and physical inactivity was carried out in middle-aged and older adults in low-middle-income countries. OBJECTIVE: Describe accelerometry-measured movement behaviors and prevalence of physical inactivity in middle-aged and older adults. METHODS: We collected raw accelerometry data during the third visit (2017-2019) of ELSA-Brasil, a large-scale multicenter Brazilian cohort. Participants wore an ActiGraph wGT3X-BT on the waist for 24 hours for 7 days and documented sleep in a diary. RESULTS: Nine thousand two hundred and seventy-nine participants had valid data (73.4% of the eligible cohort). Overall activity was higher for men (11.82mg; 95% confidence interval [CI], 11.7 to 11.93) than women (10.69mg; 95% CI, 10.6 to 10.77) and lower in older groups-women (-0.12mg/y; 95% CI, -0.13 to -0.11), men (-0.16mg/y; 95% CI, -0.17 to -0.14). Participants were more active from noon to midnight. Distribution of movement behaviors varied with sex and age, and sleep duration was longer in older individuals. Overall, 14.4% (95% CI, 13.7 to 15.1) were inactive, with inactivity being more frequent in women (16.4%; 95% CI, 15.4 to 17.4) than men (12.2%; 95% CI, 11 to 13). Higher rates were observed in the oldest. Retirement was associated with a higher prevalence of physical inactivity in both sexes. CONCLUSION: Women were less active than men. Older individuals showed a high prevalence of physical inactivity, probably related to transition into retirement. These findings strengthen evidence for public policies promoting physical activity by emphasizing the need to target women, older individuals, and those transitioning to retirement to improve and/or maintain physical activity levels throughout the course of their lives.

Liver steatosis as a predictor of incident diabetes in adults: a prospective evaluation in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).

Increasing epidemiological evidence suggests a bidirectional relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes, and that NAFLD may precede and/or promote the development of diabetes. This study aimed to investigate whether liver steatosis is associated with the incidence of diabetes in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). The ELSA-Brasil is an occupational cohort study of active or retired civil servants, aged 35-74 years, in six capital cities in Brazil. We excluded participants with diabetes at baseline, those who reported excessive alcohol consumption or with missing information on relevant covariates, and those with self-referred hepatitis or cirrhosis. In total, 8,166 individuals participated, and the mean duration of follow-up was 3.8 years. The Cox proportional regression model was used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for the associations. Abdominal ultrasonography was used to detect liver steatosis. In the follow-up period, the cumulative incidence of diabetes was 5.25% in the whole sample, 7.83% and 3.88% in the groups with and without hepatic steatosis, respectively (p < 0.001). Compared to those without steatosis, individuals with hepatic steatosis had an increased risk of developing diabetes (HR = 1.31; 95%CI: 1.09-1.56) after adjustment for potential confounders, including body mass index (BMI). Hepatic steatosis was an independent predictor of incident diabetes in the ELSA-Brasil cohort study. Physicians should encourage changes in lifestyle and screen for diabetes in patients with fatty liver.

Optimizing strategies to identify high risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Introduction: The success of diabetes prevention based on early treatment depends on high-quality screening. This study compared the diagnostic properties of currently recommended screening strategies against alternative score-based rules to identify those at high risk of developing diabetes. Methods: The study used data from ELSA-Brasil, a contemporary cohort followed up for a mean (standard deviation) of 7.4 (0.54) years, to develop risk functions with logistic regression to predict incident diabetes based on socioeconomic, lifestyle, clinical, and laboratory variables. We compared the predictive capacity of these functions against traditional pre-diabetes cutoffs of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma glucose (2hPG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) alone or combined with recommended screening questionnaires. Results: Presenting FPG > 100 mg/dl predicted 76.6% of future cases of diabetes in the cohort at the cost of labeling 40.6% of the sample as high risk. If FPG testing was performed only in those with a positive American Diabetes Association (ADA) questionnaire, labeling was reduced to 12.2%, but only 33% of future cases were identified. Scores using continuously expressed clinical and laboratory variables produced a better balance between detecting more cases and labeling fewer false positives. They consistently outperformed strategies based on categorical cutoffs. For example, a score composed of both clinical and laboratory data, calibrated to detect a risk of future diabetes ≥20%, predicted 54% of future diabetes cases, labeled only 15.3% as high risk, and, compared to the FPG ≥ 100 mg/dl strategy, nearly doubled the probability of future diabetes among screen positives. Discussion: Currently recommended screening strategies are inferior to alternatives based on continuous clinical and laboratory variables.

Uncovering the Relationship Between Statins and Muscle Problems in the ELSA-Brasil MSK Cohort.

PURPOSE: To investigate the association between statins and muscle problems in a highly diverse sample of Brazilian civil servants. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional data analysis at baseline of the ELSA-Brasil MSK cohort. Pain was identified through self-reported symptoms in large muscle groups (lower back and/or hips/thighs). Muscle strength was assessed using the five-times-sit-to-stand (FTSTS) and handgrip tests, with weakness defined as the lowest and highest quintiles of age- and sex-stratified handgrip strength and FTSTS performance time, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate the association between statin use and muscle pain and weakness. Secondary analyses explored the impact of different types of statins and their duration of use on the response variables. RESULTS: A total of 2156 participants (mean age 55.6 ± SD 8.9, 52.8% women) were included, of whom 21.1% were taking statins and 25.1% reported muscle pain. We found no significant association between statin use and muscle problems. Secondary analysis on different types of statins revealed an association between atorvastatin and muscle weakness, as measured by the five-times-sit-to-stand test (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.12-3.37), but not by the handgrip test (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.29-1.42). No evidence was found to support a link between the duration of statin treatment and muscle problems. CONCLUSIONS: This study challenges previous claims of an efficacy-effectiveness gap between experimental and observational literature on statins. The findings indicate that statin use does not contribute to muscular problems.

Spatial clusters of diabetes: individual and neighborhood characteristics in the ELSA-Brasil cohort study.

This study identified spatial clusters of type 2 diabetes mellitus among participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) residing in two cities and verified individual and neighborhood socioeconomic environmental characteristics associated with the spatial clusters. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 4,335 participants. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was defined as fasting blood glucose ≥ 126mg/dL (7.0mmol/L), oral glucose tolerance test ≥ 200mg/dL (11.1mmol/L), or glycated hemoglobin ≥ 6.5% (48mmol/L); by antidiabetic drug use; or by the self-reported medical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics were obtained from the 2011 Brazilian census. A spatial data analysis was conducted with the SaTScan method to detect spatial clusters. Logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the magnitude of associations. In total, 336 and 343 participants had type 2 diabetes mellitus in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State (13.5%) and Salvador, Bahia State (18.5%), respectively. Two cluster areas showing a high chance of type 2 diabetes mellitus were identified in Belo Horizonte and Salvador. In both cities, participants living in the high type 2 diabetes mellitus cluster area were more likely to be mixed-race or black and have a low schooling level and manual work; these were also considered low-income areas. On the other hand, participants in the low type 2 diabetes mellitus cluster area of Salvador were less likely to be black and have low schooling level (university degree) and live in a low-income area. More vulnerable individual and neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics were associated with living in clusters of higher type 2 diabetes mellitus occurrence , whereas better contextual profiles were associated with clusters of lower prevalence.

Association Between 24-Hour Movement Behavior and Cognitive Function in Brazilian Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Findings From the ELSA-Brasil.

Background and Objectives: The relationship between 24-hr movement behavior and specific domains of cognitive function is unclear. The purpose of this study was to identify the joint association of daily time spent in light (light-intensity physical activity [LPA]) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep with cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults. Research Design and Methods: Cross-sectional data from Wave 3 (2017-2019) of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health were analyzed. The study included adults aged 41-84 years old. Physical activity was assessed using a waist-worn accelerometer. Cognitive function was examined using standardized tests to assess memory, language, and Trail-Making test. Global cognitive function score was calculated by averaging domain-specific scores. Compositional isotemporal substitution models were performed to identify the association between the reallocation of time spent in LPA, MVPA, sleep, and SB with cognitive function. Results: Participants (n = 8,608) were 55.9% female (mean age 58.9 [8.6] years). Reallocating time from SB to MVPA was associated with higher cognitive function: Reallocating 15 min to MVPA by reducing 5 min from each other behavior was associated with increased odds of better cognitive function in both insufficient (<7 hr/day; odds ratio [OR]: 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.54-0.77) and sufficient (≥7 hr/day; OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.58-0.67) sleep groups. Among those with insufficient sleep, reallocating time to MVPA and sleep from SB was associated with higher global cognitive performance. Discussion and Implications: Small reductions in SB and increments in MVPA were associated with higher cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults.

Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Increased Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Adults: The ELSA-Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: From 2008 to 2010, we enrolled 15,105 adults, aged 35-74 years, who were employees from six public education and research institutions to assemble the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). We used a food frequency questionnaire to assess UPF consumption (measured in grams per day) at baseline. We then assessed the outcomes of those returning to visits between 2012 and 2014 and between 2017 and 2019. We defined incident MetS by the presence of at least three of the following five abnormalities: high fasting glucose level, high triglyceride level, low HDL cholesterol level, high blood pressure, and abdominal obesity, after excluding those meeting such criteria at baseline. We also excluded those who had missing data or an implausible energy intake, leaving 8,065 participants in the study. RESULTS: The median age was 49 years, 59% of participants were women, and the median consumption of UPFs was 366 g/day. After 8 years, there were 2,508 new cases of MetS. In robust Poisson regression, adjusting for sociodemographics, behavioral factors, and energy intake, we found a 7% (relative risk [RR] 1.07; 95% CI 1.05-1.08) higher risk of incident MetS for an increase of 150 g/day in UPF consumption. Similarly, those in the fourth quartile (compared with the first quartile) had a 33% increased risk (RR 1.33; 95% CI 1.20-1.47). Further adjustment for BMI attenuated these associations (for 150 g/day increases in UPF consumption and for the fourth quartile compared to the first one, respectively, RR = 1.04, 95% CI 1.02-1.06; RR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.07-1.32). CONCLUSIONS: Greater consumption of UPFs is associated with an increased risk of MetS. These findings have important implications for diabetes and cardiovascular disease prevention and management.

Liver steatosis as a predictor of incident diabetes in adults: a prospective evaluation in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) / Esteatose hepática como preditor de diabetes incidente em adultos: avaliação prospectiva no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) / Esteatosis hepática como predictor de diabetes incidente en adultos: evaluación prospectiva en el Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil)

Increasing epidemiological evidence suggests a bidirectional relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes, and that NAFLD may precede and/or promote the development of diabetes. This study aimed to investigate whether liver steatosis is associated with the incidence of diabetes in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). The ELSA-Brasil is an occupational cohort study of active or retired civil servants, aged 35-74 years, in six capital cities in Brazil. We excluded participants with diabetes at baseline, those who reported excessive alcohol consumption or with missing information on relevant covariates, and those with self-referred hepatitis or cirrhosis. In total, 8,166 individuals participated, and the mean duration of follow-up was 3.8 years. The Cox proportional regression model was used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for the associations. Abdominal ultrasonography was used to detect liver steatosis. In the follow-up period, the cumulative incidence of diabetes was 5.25% in the whole sample, 7.83% and 3.88% in the groups with and without hepatic steatosis, respectively (p < 0.001). Compared to those without steatosis, individuals with hepatic steatosis had an increased risk of developing diabetes (HR = 1.31; 95%CI: 1.09-1.56) after adjustment for potential confounders, including body mass index (BMI). Hepatic steatosis was an independent predictor of incident diabetes in the ELSA-Brasil cohort study. Physicians should encourage changes in lifestyle and screen for diabetes in patients with fatty liver.

Evidências epidemiológicas crescentes sugerem uma relação bidirecional entre a doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) e o diabetes tipo 2 e que a DHGNA pode preceder e/ou promover o desenvolvimento de diabetes. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se a esteatose hepática está associada à incidência de diabetes no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). O ELSA-Brasil é um estudo de coorte ocupacional com servidores públicos ativos ou aposentados, com idades entre 35 e 74 anos, de seis capitais do Brasil. Foram excluídos os participantes com diabetes no início do estudo, aqueles que relataram consumo excessivo de álcool ou com falta de informações sobre covariáveis relevantes e indivíduos com hepatite ou cirrose autorreferida. No total, 8.166 indivíduos participaram e o tempo médio de seguimento foi de 3,8 anos. O modelo de regressão proporcional de Cox foi utilizado para estimar a razão de risco (HR) ajustada para as associações. A ultrassonografia abdominal foi utilizada para detectar esteatose hepática. No período de seguimento, a incidência cumulativa de diabetes foi de 5,25% em todo o grupo de participantes e de 7,83% e 3,88% nos grupos com e sem esteatose hepática, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Em comparação com aqueles sem esteatose, os indivíduos com esteatose hepática apresentaram um risco elevado de desenvolver diabetes (HR = 1,31; IC95%: 1,09-1,56) após o ajuste para potenciais fatores de confusão, incluindo o índice de massa corporal (IMC). A esteatose hepática foi um preditor independente de diabetes incidente no ELSA-Brasil. Os médicos devem incentivar mudanças no estilo de vida e a triagem para diabetes para pacientes com fígado gorduroso.

La creciente evidencia epidemiológica sugiere una relación bidireccional entre la enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólica (EHGNA) y la diabetes tipo 2 y que la EHGNA puede preceder y/o desarrollar la diabetes. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar si la esteatosis hepática está asociada con la incidencia de diabetes en el Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). ELSA-Brasil es un estudio de cohorte ocupacional, realizado con funcionarios públicos activos o jubilados, con edades entre 35 y 74 años, de seis capitales en Brasil. Se excluyeron a los participantes con diabetes al inicio del estudio, aquellos que informaron consumir excesivamente alcohol o que carecían de información sobre las covariables relevantes, y los individuos con hepatitis o cirrosis autorreportada. En total participaron 8.166 sujetos, y el tiempo medio de seguimiento fue de 3,8 años. Se utilizó el modelo de regresión proporcional de Cox para estimar la razón de riesgo ajustada (HR) en las asociaciones. Se realizó ecografía abdominal para detectar esteatosis hepática. En el periodo de seguimiento, el grupo de participantes tuvo incidencia acumulada de diabetes del 5,25%, y en los grupos con y sin esteatosis hepática fueron del 7,83% y el 3,88%, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Los individuos con enfermedad de hígado graso tuvieron mayor riesgo de desarrollar diabetes (HR = 1,31; IC95%: 1,09-1,56) después de ajustar los posibles factores de confusión, incluido el índice de masa corporal (IMC), en comparación con aquellos sin esteatosis. La esteatosis hepática fue un predictor independiente de diabetes incidente en ELSA-Brasil. Los médicos deben alentar cambios en el estilo de vida y la detección de diabetes a los pacientes con hígado graso.

Spatial clusters of diabetes: individual and neighborhood characteristics in the ELSA-Brasil cohort study / Aglomerados espaciais de diabetes: características individuais e de vizinhança no estudo longitudinal ELSA-Brasil / Grupos espaciales de diabetes: características individuales y vecinales en el estudio longitudinal ELSA-Brasil

This study identified spatial clusters of type 2 diabetes mellitus among participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) residing in two cities and verified individual and neighborhood socioeconomic environmental characteristics associated with the spatial clusters. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 4,335 participants. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was defined as fasting blood glucose ≥ 126mg/dL (7.0mmol/L), oral glucose tolerance test ≥ 200mg/dL (11.1mmol/L), or glycated hemoglobin ≥ 6.5% (48mmol/L); by antidiabetic drug use; or by the self-reported medical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics were obtained from the 2011 Brazilian census. A spatial data analysis was conducted with the SaTScan method to detect spatial clusters. Logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the magnitude of associations. In total, 336 and 343 participants had type 2 diabetes mellitus in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State (13.5%) and Salvador, Bahia State (18.5%), respectively. Two cluster areas showing a high chance of type 2 diabetes mellitus were identified in Belo Horizonte and Salvador. In both cities, participants living in the high type 2 diabetes mellitus cluster area were more likely to be mixed-race or black and have a low schooling level and manual work; these were also considered low-income areas. On the other hand, participants in the low type 2 diabetes mellitus cluster area of Salvador were less likely to be black and have low schooling level (university degree) and live in a low-income area. More vulnerable individual and neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics were associated with living in clusters of higher type 2 diabetes mellitus occurrence , whereas better contextual profiles were associated with clusters of lower prevalence.

Este estudo identificou aglomerados espaciais de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 entre participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto no Brasil (ELSA-Brasil) em duas cidades e verificou características socioeconômicas ambientais individuais e de vizinhança associadas aos aglomerados espaciais. Se trata de um estudo transversal com 4.335 participantes. Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 foi definido com base em glicemia de jejum ≥ 126mg/dL (7,0mmol/L); teste oral de tolerância à glicose ≥ 200mg/dL (11,1mmol/L); hemoglobina glicada ≥ 6,5% (48mmol/L); uso de drogas antidiabéticas; ou pelo autodiagnóstico médico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2. As características socioeconômicas do bairro foram obtidas a partir do censo brasileiro de 2011. A análise dos dados espaciais foi realizada pelo método SaTScan para detectar os aglomerados espaciais. Os modelos de regressão logística foram ajustados para estimar a magnitude das associações. Um total de 336 e 343 participantes apresentaram diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (13,5%) e Salvador, Bahia (18,5%), respectivamente. Foram identificadas duas áreas de aglomerados com alta probabilidade de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em Belo Horizonte e Salvador. Em ambas as cidades, os participantes residentes nos aglomerados com alta taxa de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 tinham maior probabilidade de relatar cor de pele parda ou preta, baixa escolaridade e ocupação de trabalho manual; essas áreas também foram consideradas de baixa renda. Por outro lado, os participantes do aglomerado com baixa taxa de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 de Salvador tinham menor probabilidade de serem negros e maior probabilidade de terem diploma universitário, além de morarem em áreas de alta renda. Características socioeconômicas individuais e de vizinhança mais vulneráveis estavam associadas à residência em aglomerados de maior ocorrência de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, enquanto o oposto foi observado para perfis contextuais melhores.

Este estudio identificó grupos espaciales de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 entre los participantes del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto en Brasil (ELSA-Brasil) en dos ciudades y verificó las características socioeconómicas ambientales individuales y de vecindario asociadas con los grupos espaciales. Se trata de un estudio transversal con 4.335 participantes. La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 se definió en base a glucosa en ayunas ≥ 126mg/dL (7,0mmol/L); prueba de tolerancia oral a la glucosa ≥ 200mg/dL (11,1mmol/L); hemoglobina glicosilada ≥ 6,5% (48mmol/L); uso de medicamentos antidiabéticos; o por autodiagnóstico médico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Las características socioeconómicas del barrio se obtuvieron a partir del censo brasileño de 2011. El análisis de datos espaciales se realizó utilizando el método SaTScan para detectar grupos espaciales. Los modelos de regresión logística se ajustaron para estimar la magnitud de las asociaciones. Un total de 336 y 343 participantes presentaron diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (13,5%) y Salvador, Bahia (18,5%), respectivamente. Se identificaron dos áreas de grupos con alta probabilidad de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en Belo Horizonte y Salvador. En ambas ciudades, los participantes que residían en las áreas del grupo con una alta tasa de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 tenían más probabilidades de informar el color de piel pardo o negro, la baja educación y la ocupación del trabajo manual; estas áreas también se consideraron de bajos ingresos. Por el contrario, los participantes en el área del grupo con baja tasa de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 de Salvador tenían menos probabilidades de ser negros y más probabilidades de tener un título universitario, además de vivir en áreas de altos ingresos. Las características socioeconómicas individuales y de vecindario más vulnerables se asociaron con la residencia en grupos de mayor incidencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, mientras que se observó lo contrario para mejores perfiles contextuales.

Indicators of the line of care for people with diabetes in Brazil: National Health Survey 2013 and 2019. / Indicadores da linha de cuidado de pessoas com diabetes no Brasil: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013 e 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To compare health care indicators for adults with medical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM) in Brazil, in 2013 and 2019, and analyze the indicators for 2019 according to sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS: Cross-sectional study using data from the 2013 and 2019 National Health Survey. Care indicators were evaluated in people with medical diagnosis of DM. RESULTS: DM prevalence increased from 6.2% (2013) to 7.7% (2019). Between 2013 and 2019, there was an increase in the use of medications (from 80.2% to 88.8%) and of medical care (from 73.2% to 79.1%), a reduction in the use of Popular Pharmacy Program medications (from 57.4% to 51.5%) and in follow-up with the same physician (from 65.2% to 59.4%). In 2019, poorer indicators were observed for individuals who were male, younger, Black and Brown, and with lower education and income. CONCLUSION: Most indicators remained similar in the last five years, with differences according to sociodemographic characteristics in 2019.

Self-reported diabetes and factors associated with it in the Brazilian adult population: National Health Survey, 2019. / Diabetes autorreferido e fatores associados na população adulta brasileira: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2019.

This study aims to analyze the prevalence of self-reported diabetes and its associated factors in the Brazilian adult population. It is a cross-sectional study using the 2019 National Health Survey. Prevalence and crude prevalence ratios (PRc) and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRa) of self-reported diabetes were estimated, with confidence intervals (95% CI), using Poisson regression. In the 82,349 adults, the prevalence of self-reported diabetes was 7.7%. Positively associated factors were: advanced age with greater association after 60 years (PRa 24.87; 95%CI 15.78-39.18); living in the Northeast (PRa 1.16; 95%CI 1.04-1.29), Southeast (PRa 1.27; 95% CI 1.14-1.43), South (PRa 1.18; 95%CI 1, 05-1.34), and Midwest (PRa 1.21; 95%CI 1.06-1.38); being a former smoker (PRa 1.17; 95%CI 1.09-1.27); self-assessment of regular health (PRa 2.41; 95%CI 2.21-2.64), bad/very bad (PRa 3.45; 95%CI 3.06-3.88); having heart disease (PRa 1.81; 95%CI 1.64-2.00), hypertension (PRa 2.84; 95%CI 2.60-3.69), high cholesterol (PRa 2.22; 95%CI 2.05-2.41), overweight (PRa 1.49; 95%CI 1.36-1.64), and obesity (PRa 2.25; 95%CI 2.05-2.47). It could be concluded that diabetes in Brazilian adults is associated with sociodemographic factors, aging, lifestyle, and morbidities. These results can guide public policies for the prevention and control of disease in Brazil.

O estudo analisa a prevalência de diabetes autorreferido e fatores associados na população adulta brasileira. Estudo transversal usando a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019. Estimaram-se as prevalências e razões de prevalência brutas (RPb) e ajustadas (RPa) de diabetes autorreferido, com intervalos de confiança (IC95%), empregando-se regressão de Poisson. Nos 82.349 adultos, a prevalência de diabetes autorreferido foi de 7,7%. Associaram-se positivamente: idade avançada, sendo maior após 60 anos (RPa 24,87; IC95%: 15,78-39,18); residir nas regiões Nordeste (RPa 1,16; IC95%: 1,04-1,29), Sudeste (RPa 1,27; IC95%: 1,14-1,43), Sul (RPa 1,18; IC95%: 1,05-1,34) e Centro-Oeste (RPa 1,21; IC95%: 1,06-1,38), ser ex-fumante (RPa 1,17; IC95%: 1,09-1,27), autoavaliação de saúde regular (RPa 2,41; IC95%: 2,21-2,64), ruim/muito ruim (RPa 3,45; IC95%: 3,06-3,88), ter doença cardíaca (RPa 1,81; IC95%: 1,64-2,00), hipertensão (RPa 2,84; IC95%: 2,60-3,69), colesterol elevado (RPa 2,22; IC95%: 2,05-2,41), sobrepeso (RPa 1,49; IC95%: 1,36-1,64) e obesidade (RPa 2,25; IC95%: 2,05- 2,47). Conclui-se que o diabetes nos adultos brasileiros se associa a fatores sociodemográficos, envelhecimento, estilos de vida e morbidades. Esses resultados podem orientar políticas públicas para prevenção e controle da doença no Brasil.

Evolution of diabetes in Brazil: prevalence data from the 2013 and 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey.

The prevalence of diabetes has been growing worldwide. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-reported diabetes in Brazil in 2019, to describe its evolution from 2013, and to evaluate the role of population growth, aging, and other factors in the changes found. The 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey, queried a physician diagnosis of diabetes in a probabilistic multistage cluster sample. The crude prevalence of known diabetes in 2019 was 7.7% (7.4%-8.0%), a 24% relative increase to the prevalence of 2013. Though this increase was greater in men (30%) than women (20%), 2019 prevalence remained higher in women (8.4%) than in men (6.9%). Age-adjusted prevalence was uniformly lower in the North region, and uniformly higher in the Southeast and Central-West regions. In 2019, 12.3 million cases of diabetes were found, a 36.4% increase from the 9.0 million in 2013. Drivers of this rise include increase in size (9.9%) and aging (1.8%) of the Brazilian population, and to all other factors, including increased case-detection and incidence, as well as decreased diabetes mortality (24.7%). Main correlates of greater prevalence - adjusted by the Poisson regression with robust variance - were older age (PR = 27.2, 95%CI: 1.2-42.9 for ≥ 65 years vs. 18-24 years), hypertension (PR = 2.6, 95%CI: 2.4-2.8 vs. normotension), and obesity (PR = 2.3, 95%CI: 2.1-2.5 vs. BMI < 25kg/m2). Those with a complete higher education had a 40% lower prevalence (PR = 0.6; 95%CI: 0.54-0.70 vs. incomplete elementary education). In conclusion, accompanying a worldwide trend, Brazil presents an increasing prevalence of diabetes throughout its regions, posing a huge burden to its population and health systems.

Consumption of alcoholic beverages and abdominal obesity: cross-sectional analysis of ELSA-Brasil. / Consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e obesidade abdominal: resultados da linha de base do ELSA-Brasil.

The objective was to analyze the association between alcohol consumption and abdominal adiposity in adults. Cross-sectional study conducted at baseline data from ELSA-Brasil (2008- 2010). The sample consisted of 15,065 civil servants from six education and research institutions (35 to 74 years old, both sexes). To identify central adiposity by measuring waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), the cutoff points recommended by the World Health Organization were used. Poisson regression models adjusted for potentially confounding variables were tested. About 40% of the sample had elevated WC and WHR. The probability of having elevated WC was 5% and 3% higher in the most exposed group of beer consumption in men and women when compared to the reference group [PR= 1.05 (95% CI 1.02-1.08) and P R= 1.03 (95% CI 1.00-1.07)]. A higher probability of having a high WHR was also found among the highest beer consumers [PR = 1.03 (95% CI 1.00-1.07) in men and PR = 1.10 (95% CI 1.04-1.15) in women]. A greater number of doses/week of alcoholic drink increased the probability of occurrence of high WC and WHR, with the beer contribution being more important.

Objetivou-se analisar a associação entre consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e adiposidade abdominal em adultos. Estudo transversal realizado com dados da linha de base do ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010). A amostra foi constituída por 15.065 servidores públicos de seis instituições de ensino e pesquisa (35 a 74 anos, ambos os sexos). Para identificar adiposidade central por meio das medidas de circunferência da cintura (CC) e relação cintura/quadril (RCQ), utilizou-se os pontos de corte preconizados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Para as análises estatísticas foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado e modelos de regressão de Poisson ajustados por variáveis potencialmente confundidoras. Cerca de 40% da amostra apresentava CC e RCQ elevadas. A probabilidade de apresentar CC elevada foi 5% e 3% maior no grupo mais exposto de consumo de cerveja em homens e mulheres quando comparado ao grupo de referência [RP = 1,05 (IC 95% 1,02-1,08) e RP = 1,03 (IC 95% 1,00-1,07)]. Também foi encontrada maior probabilidade de apresentar RCQ elevada entre os maiores consumidores de cerveja [RP = 1,03 (IC 95% 1,00-1,07) em homens e RP=1,10 (IC 95% 1,04-1,15) em mulheres]. Maior número de doses/semana de bebida alcoólica aumentou a probabilidade de ocorrência de CC e RCQ elevadas, sendo mais importante a contribuição da cerveja.

Diabetes autorreferido e fatores associados na população adulta brasileira: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2019 / Self-reported diabetes and factors associated with it in the Brazilian adult population: National Health Survey, 2019

Resumo O estudo analisa a prevalência de diabetes autorreferido e fatores associados na população adulta brasileira. Estudo transversal usando a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019. Estimaram-se as prevalências e razões de prevalência brutas (RPb) e ajustadas (RPa) de diabetes autorreferido, com intervalos de confiança (IC95%), empregando-se regressão de Poisson. Nos 82.349 adultos, a prevalência de diabetes autorreferido foi de 7,7%. Associaram-se positivamente: idade avançada, sendo maior após 60 anos (RPa 24,87; IC95%: 15,78-39,18); residir nas regiões Nordeste (RPa 1,16; IC95%: 1,04-1,29), Sudeste (RPa 1,27; IC95%: 1,14-1,43), Sul (RPa 1,18; IC95%: 1,05-1,34) e Centro-Oeste (RPa 1,21; IC95%: 1,06-1,38), ser ex-fumante (RPa 1,17; IC95%: 1,09-1,27), autoavaliação de saúde regular (RPa 2,41; IC95%: 2,21-2,64), ruim/muito ruim (RPa 3,45; IC95%: 3,06-3,88), ter doença cardíaca (RPa 1,81; IC95%: 1,64-2,00), hipertensão (RPa 2,84; IC95%: 2,60-3,69), colesterol elevado (RPa 2,22; IC95%: 2,05-2,41), sobrepeso (RPa 1,49; IC95%: 1,36-1,64) e obesidade (RPa 2,25; IC95%: 2,05- 2,47). Conclui-se que o diabetes nos adultos brasileiros se associa a fatores sociodemográficos, envelhecimento, estilos de vida e morbidades. Esses resultados podem orientar políticas públicas para prevenção e controle da doença no Brasil.

Abstract This study aims to analyze the prevalence of self-reported diabetes and its associated factors in the Brazilian adult population. It is a cross-sectional study using the 2019 National Health Survey. Prevalence and crude prevalence ratios (PRc) and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRa) of self-reported diabetes were estimated, with confidence intervals (95% CI), using Poisson regression. In the 82,349 adults, the prevalence of self-reported diabetes was 7.7%. Positively associated factors were: advanced age with greater association after 60 years (PRa 24.87; 95%CI 15.78-39.18); living in the Northeast (PRa 1.16; 95%CI 1.04-1.29), Southeast (PRa 1.27; 95% CI 1.14-1.43), South (PRa 1.18; 95%CI 1, 05-1.34), and Midwest (PRa 1.21; 95%CI 1.06-1.38); being a former smoker (PRa 1.17; 95%CI 1.09-1.27); self-assessment of regular health (PRa 2.41; 95%CI 2.21-2.64), bad/very bad (PRa 3.45; 95%CI 3.06-3.88); having heart disease (PRa 1.81; 95%CI 1.64-2.00), hypertension (PRa 2.84; 95%CI 2.60-3.69), high cholesterol (PRa 2.22; 95%CI 2.05-2.41), overweight (PRa 1.49; 95%CI 1.36-1.64), and obesity (PRa 2.25; 95%CI 2.05-2.47). It could be concluded that diabetes in Brazilian adults is associated with sociodemographic factors, aging, lifestyle, and morbidities. These results can guide public policies for the prevention and control of disease in Brazil.

Indicadores da linha de cuidado de pessoas com diabetes no Brasil: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013 e 2019 / Indicadores de la línea de atención a personas con diabetes en Brasil: Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2013 y 2019 / Indicators of the line of care for people with diabetes in Brazil: National Health Survey 2013 and 2019

Objetivo: Comparar indicadores de cuidado assistencial em adultos com diagnóstico médico de diabetes mellitus (DM) no Brasil em 2013 e 2019, e analisar esses indicadores, em 2019, segundo características sociodemográficas. Métodos: Estudo transversal com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013 e 2019. Foram avaliados os indicadores de cuidado em pessoas com diagnóstico médico de DM. Resultados: A prevalência de DM aumentou de 6,2% (2013) para 7,7% (2019). Entre 2013 e 2019, ocorreu aumento no uso de medicamentos (de 80,2% para 88,8%) e de assistência médica (de 73,2% para 79,1%), houve redução no uso de medicamentos da Farmácia Popular (de 57,4% para 51,5%) e no acompanhamento com mesmo médico (de 65,2% para 59,4%). Em 2019, pessoas do sexo masculino, mais jovens, de raça/cor da pele preta e parda, menores escolaridade e renda apresentaram pior desempenho nos indicadores. Conclusão: A maioria dos indicadores permaneceu semelhante durante os últimos cinco anos, com diferenças segundo características sociodemográficas em 2019.

Objetivo: Comparar indicadores de atención de salud para adultos con diagnóstico médico de diabetes mellitus (DM) en Brasil, en 2013 y 2019, y analizar estos indicadores, en 2019, según características sociodemográficas. Métodos: Estudio transversal con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2013 y 2019. Se evaluaron indicadores de atención en personas con diagnóstico médico de DM. Resultados: La prevalencia de DM aumentó del 6,2% (2013) al 7,7% (2019). Entre 2013 y 2019 hubo aumento en uso de medicamentos (80,2% a 88,8%) y de atención médica (73,2% a 79,1%), reducción en uso de medicamentos de Farmacia Popular (57, 4% a 51,5%) y seguimiento con mismo médico (65,2% a 59,4%). En 2019, personas de sexo masculino, más jóvenes, de la raza/color de piel negra y mestiza, menor nivel educativo e ingresos mostraron un peor desempeño en los indicadores. Conclusión: La mayoría de los indicadores se mantuvieron similares durante los últimos cinco años, con diferencias según las características sociodemográficas en 2019.

Objective: To compare health care indicators for adults with medical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM) in Brazil, in 2013 and 2019, and analyze the indicators for 2019 according to sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: Cross-sectional study using data from the 2013 and 2019 National Health Survey. Care indicators were evaluated in people with medical diagnosis of DM. Results: DM prevalence increased from 6.2% (2013) to 7.7% (2019). Between 2013 and 2019, there was an increase in the use of medications (from 80.2% to 88.8%) and of medical care (from 73.2% to 79.1%), a reduction in the use of Popular Pharmacy Program medications (from 57.4% to 51.5%) and in follow-up with the same physician (from 65.2% to 59.4%). In 2019, poorer indicators were observed for individuals who were male, younger, Black and Brown, and with lower education and income. Conclusion: Most indicators remained similar in the last five years, with differences according to sociodemographic characteristics in 2019.

Evolution of diabetes in Brazil: prevalence data from the 2013 and 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey / Evolução do diabetes mellitus no Brasil: dados de prevalência da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013 e 2019 / Evolución de la diabetes en Brasil: dados de prevalencia de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud brasileña de 2013 y 2019

The prevalence of diabetes has been growing worldwide. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-reported diabetes in Brazil in 2019, to describe its evolution from 2013, and to evaluate the role of population growth, aging, and other factors in the changes found. The 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey, queried a physician diagnosis of diabetes in a probabilistic multistage cluster sample. The crude prevalence of known diabetes in 2019 was 7.7% (7.4%-8.0%), a 24% relative increase to the prevalence of 2013. Though this increase was greater in men (30%) than women (20%), 2019 prevalence remained higher in women (8.4%) than in men (6.9%). Age-adjusted prevalence was uniformly lower in the North region, and uniformly higher in the Southeast and Central-West regions. In 2019, 12.3 million cases of diabetes were found, a 36.4% increase from the 9.0 million in 2013. Drivers of this rise include increase in size (9.9%) and aging (1.8%) of the Brazilian population, and to all other factors, including increased case-detection and incidence, as well as decreased diabetes mortality (24.7%). Main correlates of greater prevalence - adjusted by the Poisson regression with robust variance - were older age (PR = 27.2, 95%CI: 1.2-42.9 for ≥ 65 years vs. 18-24 years), hypertension (PR = 2.6, 95%CI: 2.4-2.8 vs. normotension), and obesity (PR = 2.3, 95%CI: 2.1-2.5 vs. BMI < 25kg/m2). Those with a complete higher education had a 40% lower prevalence (PR = 0.6; 95%CI: 0.54-0.70 vs. incomplete elementary education). In conclusion, accompanying a worldwide trend, Brazil presents an increasing prevalence of diabetes throughout its regions, posing a huge burden to its population and health systems.

A prevalência do diabetes mellitus tem crescido em nível global. O estudo buscou estimar a prevalência de autorrelato de diabetes no Brasil em 2019, descrever a evolução a partir de 2013 e avaliar o papel do crescimento demográfico, envelhecimento e outros fatores observados. A Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019, um inquérito transversal com representatividade nacional, perguntou sobre diagnóstico médico de diabetes em uma amostra probabilística por conglomerados com múltiplos estágios. A prevalência bruta de diabetes conhecido em 2019 foi de 7,7% (7,4%-8,0%), um aumento de 24% em relação à prevalência em 2013. Embora o aumento relativo tenha sido maior em homens (30%) que em mulheres (20%), a prevalência em 2019 permaneceu mais elevada em mulheres (8,4%) que em homens (6,9%). A prevalência ajustada por idade foi consistentemente mais baixa na Região Norte, e consistentemente mais alta nas regiões Sudeste e Centro-oeste. Em 2019, foram diagnosticados 12,3 milhões de casos de diabetes, um aumento de 36,4% em relação aos 9,0 milhões de casos em 2013. Fatores que explicam esse crescimento incluem aumento do tamanho (9,9%) e do envelhecimento (1,8%) da população brasileira, e outros fatores como o aumento na detecção de casos e na incidência, além de uma queda na mortalidade por diabetes (24,7%). As principais associações para uma maior prevalência - ajustada por regressão de Poisson com variância robusta - foram idade mais velha (RP = 27,2; IC95%: 1,2-42,9 para ≥ 65 anos vs. 18-24 anos), hipertensão (RP = 2,6; IC95%: 2,4-2,8 vs. normotensão) e obesidade (RP = 2,3; IC95%: 2,1-2,5 vs. IMC < 25kg/m2). Indivíduos com Nível Universitário completo tiveram uma prevalência 40% mais baixa (RP = 0,6; IC95%: 0,54-0,70 vs. Fundamental incompleto). Como conclusão, refletindo uma tendência mundial, o Brasil apresenta prevalência crescente de diabetes em todas as macrorregiões, o que cria uma enorme carga para a população e os sistemas de saúde.

La prevalencia de la diabetes ha estado creciendo alrededor de todo el mundo. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de la diabetes autoinformada en Brasil en 2019, para describir su evolución desde 2013, así como para evaluar el papel del crecimiento de la población, envejecimiento, y otros factores en los cambios encontrados. Se utilizó la Encuesta Nacional de Salud brasileña de 2019, una encuesta transversal representativa nacionalmente, donde se consultó el diagnóstico médico de diabetes en una muestra probabilística por conglomerados multietapa. La prevalencia cruda de la diabetes conocida en 2019 fue 7,7% (7,4%-8,0%), con un 24% de incremento relativo respecto a la prevalencia de 2013. Sin embargo, este aumento fue mayor en hombres (30%) que en mujeres (20%). La prevalencia de 2019 permaneció más alta en mujeres (8,4%) que en hombres (6,9%). La prevalencia ajustada a la edad fue uniformemente más baja en la Región Norte, y uniformemente más alta en las regiones del Sudeste y Centro-oeste. En 2019, hubo 12,3 millones de casos de diabetes, lo que supuso un incremento de 36.4% desde los 9,0 millones en 2013. Las causas incluyen el aumento de peso (9,9%) y el envejecimiento (1,8%) de la población brasileña, así como para el resto de todos los factores, incluyendo el incremento de la detección de casos e incidencia, al igual que el decremento en la mortalidad por diabetes (24,7%). Los principales factores de correlación para una mayor prevalencia -ajustados por regresión de Poisson con variancia robusta- fueron una edad más avanzada (PR = 27,2; IC95%: 1,2-42,9 para ≥ 65 años vs. 18-24 años), hipertensión (PR = 2,6; IC95%: 2,4-2,8 vs. normotensión), y obesidad (PR = 2,3; IC95%: 2,1-2,5 vs. BMI < 25kg/m2). Quienes contaban con una educación superior completa tenían una prevalencia un 40% más baja (PR = 0,6; IC95%: 0,54-0,70 vs. quienes tenían la educación básica incompleta). En conclusión, acompañando una tendencia global, Brasil presenta un incremento de prevalencia de la diabetes a través de sus regiones, planteando una carga inmensa para su población y sistemas de salud.